Xageey iska soo galeen Somali\Dir iyo Thomas Jefferson?

Jawaabtu waa Haplogroup T

Hamid Masheye

Sidaad la socotaan Thomas Jefferson waa madaxweeynihii sadexaad ee maraykanka. Wuxuuna noqday wasiirkii ugu horeeyay ee khaarijiga (Secretary of State).Waana mudanihii qoray baaqii xoriyada ee dalka Maraykanku kaga go’ay Ingiriiska (Declaration of independence). Thomas Jefferson waxa kale uu aha nin maal qabeena adoon fara badana leh. Markii aay xaaskiisii dhimatay ayaa waxa soo baxday xan fara badan oo sheegaaysa in Jefferson uu lahaa saxiibad la odhan jiray Sally Hemings ahaydna dadkii isagu uu adoonsanaayay. Jaraa’id fara badan baa waqtiqaa qoray inuu gabaadhaa ka dhalay lix caruura. Sheekadaasi illaa iyo mudu dhaw beey socatay. Markaa 1998 ayaa DNAda dadka ka tafiirmay gabadhaa iyo dad Jefferson aay isku tafiiryihiin la baadhay. Y-Chromosome DNA waxa lagu ogaaday in Thomas Jefferson uu ka ahaa qabiilka DNAda Haplogroup T (loona yaqaan T-M184, horay loo odhan K2).

Y-chromosome DNA waxa lagu baadhaa abtiirsiinta aabaha.

Haplogroup T wadanda Yurub aad buu ugu yaryahay, aduunkana uu ku filiqsanyahay.Taasa markaa keentay in aad loo baadho si loo ogada meelaha uu aduunka uu ugu badan yahay. Waa halkaa halka aay Soomaalida khaasatana dadka ku abtirsada Dirku ka soo galayaan.

Haplogroup T-M184 wuxu ka yahay aduunka boqolkiiba hal 1%. Waxaa laga helaa Europe, Asia, iyo Africa.

Laakinse aad buu ugu yaryahay. Meelaha uu ugu badanyahay waxa ka mid ah Geeska Africa (Horn of Africa).

Cilmi baadhis farabadan baa arrintan laga samaeeyay. Cilmi baadhistii la sameeyay illa imminka waa sida soo socota. Soomalidu waxay haybtooda qabiilka DNAdu u badanyahay laba nooc: E1b1b (76%) iyo T-M184 (10-15%).

E1b1b waxa kale oo laga helaa Geeska iyo Woqooyiga Africa. T-M184 waxu ku badanyahay Geeska Africa iyo bariga India. Dirka waxay ku badan yihiin Djibouti, Waqooyi Galbeed ee Soomalia, iyo galbeedka Dagaanka Ismaamulka Soomaalida (Ethiopia).

Cilmi baadhista la sameeyay natiijadeedii waa sida soo socota (T-M184 Haplogroup):

Dadka (Population)	(Luqada) Language	Degaanka(Location)	Xubin/Muunad (Member/sample size	Boqolkiiba (Percentage)	Macluumaad Saa’ida (Notes)
Dir (clan) Issa/Gadabuursi1	Somali (East Cushitic)	Djibouti	24/24	100%	Isaaq 0/9 (0%) Hawiye 1/1
Dirtka Woqooyi (Northern Dir tribes)2	Somali (East Cushitic)	Dire Dawa	14/17	82.4	Jilibada Dirta ee Dira Dawa waa Isse, Gurgura, Gadabursi (Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabursi
Issa/Gadabuursi/Isaaq3	Somali (East Cushitic)	Djibouti	30/40	75%	(Muunadan waxa weeye 25% E-M215) This sample is only 25% E-M215. According to Plaster et al. only have been found two very different lineages, T-M184 and E-M215, among northern Dirs.
Dirta waqooyi iyo Afar (Northern Dir tribes and Afars)4	Somali iyo Afar (Cushitic)	Djibouti	30/54	56.6%	(Somali iyo Afar isku dhex- jira) Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.

 

Bibliographay:

 

Primary Source (Marjaca Koobaad):

1. Giuseppe Iacovacci et al., “Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries,” Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
2. Plaster, C.A. (2011). Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia (PhD Thesis). University College London.
3. Beniamino Trombetta et al., “Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent,” ^Genome Biology and Evolution, 2015
4. Andrea Berti et al., “YHRD Contribution,” YHRD, 2016
5. Giuseppe Iacovacci et al., “Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries,” Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
6. Giuseppe Iacovacci et al., “Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries,” Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
7. Plaster, C.A. (2011). Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia (PhD Thesis). University College London.
8. Immel UD, Kleiber M (2009). “Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Somalia”. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2 (1): 409–10. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.034.
9. Stenersen M, Perchla D, Søvik E, Flønes AG, Dupuy BM (2004). “Kurdish (Iraq) and Somalian population data for 15 autosomal and 9 Y-chromosomal STR loci”. International Congress Series. 1261: 185–7. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01823-5.
10. Hallenberg C, Simonsen B, Sanchez J, Morling N (2005). “Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in Somalis”. Forensic Science International. 151 (2–3): 317–21. PMID15939170. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.011.
11. Andreas O. Tillmar et al. “Population data of 12 Y-STR loci from a Somali population (2009).
12. Plaster, C.A. (2011). Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia (PhD Thesis). University College London

 

Secondary Source (Marjaca Labaad):

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-L206_(Y-DNA)#Africa
• http://www.anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?9370-Where-did-haplogroup-T-M184-originate
• http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_T_Y-DNA.shtml
• http://self.gutenberg.org/article/WHEBN0009238638/Haplogroup%20T-M184
• https://haplomaps.com/haplogroup-t-m184/